Klimafibel

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	1.	Climate as a Public Interest in Planning and Zoning
	2.	Characteristics and Forms of the Urban Climate
	3.	Energy-Conscious Planning and Zoning
	4.	Methods of Information Acquisition for Planning (Measurements, Wind Tunnels, Numerical Modelling)
	4.1	Measurements
	4.1.1	Stationary Measurements
	4.1.2	Measurements with mobile measurement devices
	4.1.3	Tracer Experiments
	4.1.4	Vertical Soundings
	4.2	Wind Tunnel
	4.2.1	Overview
	4.2.2	Operation and Investigation Methods
	4.2.2.1	Visualization of flows and pollutant dispersion by smoke
	4.2.2.2	Wind Velocity Measurements
	4.2.2.3	Measurement of Concentration Distribution in Dispersal Experiments
	4.2.3	Locations of Wind Tunnels
	4.3	Numerical Modelling of Flow and Transport Processes
	4.3.1	The Wind Field Model DIWIMO
	4.3.2	The Cold-Air Flow Model KALM and KLAM 21
	4.3.3	The Model STREET for Estimating Traffic-Produced Pollution
	4.3.4	The Model MLuS-02 for Calculating Pollutant Dispersal on Roads Without Dense Peripheral Development
	4.3.5	The Model PROKAS for Calculating Air Pollution on Roads
	4.3.6	The Micro-Scale Model MISKAM
	4.3.7	Mesoscale Terrain Climatic Models
	4.3.8	The Urban Climate Models RayMan , ENVI-met and MUKLIMO_3
	5.	Climatic and Air Hygiene Maps as Aids for Planning and Zoning (Example: Climate Atlas Federation Region Stuttgart)
	6.	Recommendations for Planning
	7.	Bibliography
	8.	Thematic Websites
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METHODS OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION FOR PLANNING (MEASUREMENTS, WIND TUNNELS, NUMERICAL MODELLING)

4.3.8 The Urban Climate Models RayMan , ENVI-met and MUKLIMO_3

The free software of the RayMan model (see chapter 3.2.3), which was developed at the Meteorological Institute of the University of Freiburg (MATZARAKIS et al., 2000; MATZARAKIS u. MAYER, 2000) and the software is freely available (http://www.mif.uni-freiburg.de/rayman) can be used for the creation of bio-climate maps or similar map presentations as well as for the human-biometeorological evaluation of planning-related changes in the microclimatic conditions.

RayMan"s core is the simulation of short and long-wave radiation flows according to VDI guideline 3789 Page 1 (VDI, 1994). What is required here is information on the date, time and geographical position of the investigated location as well as on air temperature, humidity, cloud coverage and atmospheric opacity. The albedo of the surrounding surfaces and their solid angle proportions must also be given.

The microscale ENVI-met model allows for the numerical consideration of urban structures as a complex of effects with particular reference to small-scale designing, like the greening of roads, particular building structures or different sealing materials. The calculation model provides a large number of different parameters as simulation results, like the flow field, temperature or turbulence distribution, and thus permits to consider the complex physical processes and their interaction in terms of the microclimate.

The microscale MUKLIMO_3 model extends the original MUKLIMO model from two to three dimensions. It resolves built-up areas to detail and, as a grid point model, permits to resolve characteristic atmospheric processes over a period of several hours. Even larger areas with unresolved development can be modelled. The basic MUKLIMO_3 version serves especially for the examination of air flow conditions and the dispersion of pollutants in a local area. With this PC running version it goes without the thermodynamic modules and allows for a graphic control of the model configuration and a representation of the results.