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Recommendations for Planning . |
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6.3.2 Home Heating For the desired reduction in emissions in the interest of air pollution control and climate protection, the type of energy supply or the choice of heating fuels is of substantial importance. Table 6/4 gives an overview of the specific pollutant emissions of various heating fuels when used for home heating and small enterprises. Natural gas turns out to be the "cleanest" fuel, while solid fuels exhibit a relatively problematic level of emissions. The replacement of solid-fuel fireplaces with natural gas heating systems has fundamentally improved the air-hygienic conditions of our cities, particularly in the former East Germany, with reductions in sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
Table 6/4: Emissions factors for home heating fires and small industriesThe use of wood in population centers, propagated under general ecological contexts as a regenerative fuel source, must be regarded critically from a purely air-hygienic perspective. Under any conditions, wood burning requires state-of-the-art fire facilities with respect to continuous wood supply, burn characteristics, treatment of flue gases, and exhaust venting. These are typically larger facilities for commercial uses. The danger for homes arises either in the use of unsuitable
wood that has not been stored or handled in dry conditions or
improper operation of the furnace. Chimneys with insufficient
heights – whereby insufficiently considered roof systems or
higher neighboring buildings (especially on hillsides) hinder
the removal of smoke exhaust by the open air flow – are the
reason for corresponding complaints from the neighborhood. A
wood fire system also leads occasionally to illegal burning of
trash. Emissions reduction § 9 (1) 23. BauGB offers a regulatory option for direct emissions reduction in site plans: Areas can be established in a site plan in which the use of defined air-polluting substances can be limited or forbidden in order to protect against harmful environmental effects in the sense of the BImSchG. This regulation, known as a "burning prohibition" for fossil fuels (especially coal), requires a reasoned urban development interest in the securing of spatial usage qualities at less-than-dangerous pollution limits. For example, the limiting or elimination of light heating oil may not result from its sulfur content. It must also be shown that the forbidden or restricted fuels substantially contaminate the air. The establishment of a burning prohibition presupposes, as does every other regulation, its own necessity in the sense of planning law. Incidentally, climatic and topographic characteristics (e.g. the existence of fresh-air corridors) can provide a sufficient reason for a burning prohibition. In view of the possible limitation on the use of
air-polluting fuels, the air-hygienic equal weighting of natural
gas and heating oil can be created by a corresponding textual
regulation in a site plan. This can establish values for
limiting the emission of pollutants that, if necessary, can also
be reached via measures for reducing heating energy needs
(modern heating systems or strengthened insulation for outer
walls). These regulations in their entirety thus define the
"limited use." Low-energy building
methods with concrete requirements for built thermal insulation
cannot be prescribed in a site plan. Insulation requirements
beyond those in the 1995 Insulation Ordinance can only be
determined in an urban development contract. Renewable Heat Law in Baden-Wuerttemberg (2007) After the new law in Baden-Wuerttemberg, (in vigor 1.1.2008) must the heat supply with new buildings (starting from 1 April 2008) to at least 20 percent over renewable energies such as solar power, terrestrial heat and heat pumps or biomass be generated. This can be mostly already achieved by means of a solarthermal plant on the roof. Use of active solar or wind energy facilities A mandatory regulation for
solar collectors or photovoltaic apparatuses is not allowed in a
site plan. Along the lines of Sections
6.1.4
and 6.2.4,
an effective long-term option for the use of solar energy can be
created with corresponding roof design and favorable building
forms. Locations for apparatuses that serve the research,
development, or use of renewable wind or solar energy can be
legally secured on suitable locations as special areas in a site
plan according to § 11 (2) BauNVO, if this is necessary owing
to the special characteristics of these apparatuses. Heating and energy provision concepts related to construction sites The legal instrument of the urban development contract (§ 11 BauGB) makes possible the use of common heating and energy provision systems for entire construction sites (e.g. block heating powerplants or heat storage facilities), potentially in connection with the realization of low-energy building methods. The establishment in a site plan of areas necessary for such provision facilities and their supply lines takes place according to § 9 (1) 12. and 13. BauGB, whereby a designation of their purpose is recommended (BUNZEL et al., 1997). |
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| Fig. 6/24a: Fires for home heating; emissions from many sources | |
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Fig. 6/24b: Fires for home heating; emissions from coal single stove |
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