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5.5 Climate
Analysis Maps
A significant component of the study mentioned
above was the production of climate analysis maps depicting the
local-climatic conditions in this region as a cartographic
overview (Figure 5/13).
The significant bases for this are the data material described
above, topographic maps, city maps, land use plans, and aerial
photographs.
The classification of climatope and cold-air collection areas is
not parcel-specific. Tolerances can range up to 100 m, since
both the contextual definition of borders relative transient
areas and the accuracy of drawing due to the working material
used must be taken into account. Technically-detailed appraisals
are necessary for more precise results. The signatures and
symbols used in the maps correspond largely to the VDI Guideline
3787, Section 1.
CLIMATOPES
Climatopes describe geographic areas with
similar microclimatic characteristics. These are distinguished
primarily by the daily thermal variation, the vertical roughness
(wind field disruption), the topographical situation or exposure,
and above all by the type of material land use. The level of
emissions is included as an additional criterion for special
climatopes. Since the microclimatic characteristics of built-up
areas are determined significantly by the material land use and
especially by the type of development, the climatopes are named
after the dominant land-use type or building use.
Water Climatope
The water climatope (especially for large bodies of water)
has a compensating thermal influence relative to its
surroundings due to low-intensity daily and yearly variations;
in summer, the air temperatures during the day are lower and at
night higher than in surrounding areas. The water climatope is
characterized by high levels of air humidity and wind.
Open Land Climatope
The open land climatope exhibits extreme daily and annual
variations in temperature and humidity in addition to very small
changes in wind flow. Thus an intensive production of fresh and
cold air is associated with this climatope. This applies in
particular to expansive areas of meadow and arable land as well
as to open fields with very few trees.
Forest Climatope
The forest climatope is characterized by strongly-dampened
daily and annual variations in temperature and humidity. While
relatively low temperatures and higher air humidity prevail
underneath the canopy because of shading and evaporation during
the day, relatively mild temperatures are present during the
night. In addition, the leaf canopy works as a filter against
air pollution, so that the forest climatope functions as a
regenerative zone for the air and as a recreational space for
people.
Greenbelt Climatope
Green spaces such as parks in developed areas work to
balance their built-up and usually overheated surroundings via
their relatively extreme daily variations in temperature and
humidity and the associated production of cold, fresh air.
Larger green spaces can serve as ventilation corridors. Green
spaces with thick tree cover in developed areas use their
shading to create cool balancing areas with high air humidity
relative to the warmed surroundings.
Garden City Climatope
The garden city climatope includes
built areas with open one- to three-story development and rich
green spaces. All climatic elements are only slightly altered
relative to the open space climatope, although a noticeable
nightly cooling occurs and regional winds are not significantly
impeded.
City Periphery Climatope
The city periphery climatope is
defined by dense detached buildings, rowhouses, or development
that incorporates green spaces and takes up entire blocks, all
of which can reach up to three stories in height. The climatope
can also be characterized by freestanding buildings of a maximum
of five stories surrounded by green spaces. Nightly cooling is
strongly limited and significantly dependent upon the
surroundings. Local wind and cold air flows are hindered, while
regional winds are strongly impeded.
City Climatope
Multiple-story enclosed development with small proportions
of green space and freestanding skyscrapers characterize the
city climatope. Strong heating during the day contrasts with
very little cooling at night. Through this process, there arises
a heat-island effect with low air humidity relative to the
surroundings. The dense and tall development influences the
regional and super-regional wind systems to a substantial extent,
so that air exchange is limited and a high aggregate level of
air pollution is present. In street canyons, both high air and
noise pollution and gust-like wind turbulence are found.
Core City Climatope
Dense and tall central-city development with very little
green space leads to strong heating during the day and the
production of a clear heat island effect with lower-than-average
humidity during the night. The massive built environment
together with the resultant heat island produces a significant
influence on regional and super-regional winds. An altogether
high level of air pollution is present. In street canyons,
gust-like wind turbulence arises along with high levels of air
and noise pollution.
Commercial Climatope
The commercial climatope
corresponds largely to the climatope of dense development; that
is: Heat island effect, low air humidity, and substantial wind
field disruption. In addition, expanded access roads and parking
lots as well as heightened emissions are present. Intensive
cooling is visible in the nightly heat image, in part at the
roof level of large buildings (especially those with sheet metal
roofs), while the streets and parking lots surrounded by
buildings remain warm.
Industry Climatope
The industry climatope is comparable with the city and core
city climatopes, but also exhibits large transportation-related
surfaces and significantly higher emissions (including land uses
that require special permission under emissions law). A
significant heat island forms during both day and night because
of extensive sealed surfaces, although the roofs of buildings
cool off partially. The air masses near the ground are warmed,
dry, and enriched with pollutants. The massive building forms
and the warming near the ground significantly alter the wind
field.
Railroad Climatope
The railroad climatope is characterized by intensive warming
during the day and quick cooling during the night; however,
surface temperatures are higher than in the open land. The train
tracks are open to the wind because of their sparse covering and
often serve as air induction passages or air exchange surfaces
in built-up areas. Railroads are considered to be a climatope
only in the presence of widths greater than 50 m; that is, only
in the case of multi-track railroad lines.
Cold Air Areas and Characteristics of the Relief Structure
The ventilation of built areas
with cold air flow has a significant function, especially during
low-exchange weather conditions. Areas for cold air production
and collection, which provide the nightly fresh-air supply, are
therefore characterized distinctively in the climatic map. Also
depicted are cold air blockage areas, narrow sections of valleys,
winds descending from slopes, mountain and valley winds, and air
induction passages for regional winds, along with data for air
pollution.
Pollution from Traffic Emissions
Main traffic thoroughfares are divided into three groups on
the basis of their average daily traffic counts, and are
depicted differentially via the widths of the corresponding map
lines.
Pictograms are used to characterize areas with heightened
home heating or traffic emissions, intensely-emitting
enterprises, and high particulate and heat emissions in the
respective climatopes. Further pictograms make reference to
local idiosyncrasies of importance for the land areas in concern.
The Immissions Pollution pictogram emphasizes
locations with high levels of air pollution in areas at risk of
ground inversion effects. These are usually cold air collection
areas that cool strongly at night and that exhibit high air
pollution values because of nearby pollutant emitters.
Ground/Valley Fog arises frequently in valleys and in
areas at risk of ground inversion effects. The designation for elevated
Inversion refers to expanded and dominant heat islands in
built-up areas. The relatively high surface temperatures and the
associated turbulence do not create ground inversions (cf. Fig. 3/20
in Chapter
3.3.2); rather, the lower boundary of the inversions
lies several decameters above the ground.
The variation of the windfield give a
hint to buildings with more than 10 stories or especial hills (dumps)
where the wind is changed.
The Windrose depicts the percentage
distribution of the average annual frequency of wind direction
at a given measurement location.
The Air Pollution Windrose combines the
windrose described above with immissions measurements and gives
the average measured pollution concentration under the influence
of the respective wind directions.
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Fig. 5/4:
Example of an open land climatope |
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Fig. 5/5:
Example of a forest climatope
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Fig. 5/6: Example
of a greenbelt climatope
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Fig. 5/7: Example
of a garden-city climatope
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Fig. 5/8: Example
of a city periphery climatope
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Fig. 5/9: Example
of a city climatope
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Fig. 5/10: Example
of a core city climatope
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Fig. 5/11: Example
of a commercial climatope
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Fig. 5/12: Legend
for the following climate analysis map, Source:
NACHBARSCHAFTSVERBAND STUTTGART, 1992
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Fig. 5/13: Example
of a climate analysis map, Stuttgart city area, Source:
NACHBARSCHAFTSVERBAND STUTTGART, 1992
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