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Methods of Information Acquisition
for Planning (Nature measurements, Wind tunnels, Modelling) |
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4.3 Numerical
Modeling as Planning Aid
Today, many questions regarding the urban climate can also be handled using numerical models. The rapid technical developments in the hardware sector have made possible the operation of complex numerical modeling software on standard PCs. In particular, numerical models can predict the specific effects of plans and future situations. Exact measurements of future situations are, of course, impossible to produce. The models (e.g. FITNAH and METRAS) available at present can be used for various types of planning and urban development scenarios. Macro-scale models (e.g. ABC und MISKAM) deal with sizes ranging from a few decameters to several kilometers. Micro-scale models, as a rule, handle small-scale questions up to a few meters in size. These types of models find use in various urban climate scenarios, such as the modeling of wind fields, cold air flows, and the dispersal of air pollutants (especially on roads). In addition to physically complex models are statistical models, such as the process described in Chapter 4.3.1 for the production of maps of individual climatic elements from point measurements. A detailed overview of these models can be found online at http://www.stadtklima.de/webklima/DE/d_1tools.htm or in ZENGER (1998). In addition, the services of relevant specialized consultants should be employed in discrete planning cases. The following sections describe several examples of model application in urgent present-day planning situations. The widely distributed models used are also capable of demonstrating guideline characteristics (VDI-Guidelines: 3782, Sections 1 and 8; 3783, Section 6). |
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